European travelogues from the Safavid era—particularly the firsthand and meticulous observations of Pietro Della Valle (1617-1623 CE)—constitute invaluable resources for historical ethno-botanical research. Employing an interdisciplinary approach (comparative literature, medical history, and ethnography) and qualitative content analysis, this study systematically examines the representation of traditional herbal medicine in Iran during Shah Abbas I's reign through Della Valle's seminal travelogue. The central research questions explore: (1) which medicinal plants (e.g., cardamom, chicory, henna, violet, musk willow, lovage), therapeutic methods, and folk health beliefs Della Valle documented in Iranian society, and (2) how these representations were filtered—and often evaluated—through the lens of a European observer. Findings reveal Della Valle's precise recordings of: Plant applications (treating ocular, gastrointestinal, dermatological conditions, and fevers), Preparation techniques (decoctions, poultices, oil extractions) and Key practitioners (hakims/physicians and attars/local herbalists); Discourse analysis uncovers a duality in his perspective: while admiring Iranian botanical expertise and attempting to transfer this knowledge to Europe, he simultaneously labeled certain practices as "superstitious," influenced by his cultural/religious biases. This study argues that Della Valle's travelogue transcends mere historical documentation; it serves as proto-ethnographic text enabling: Reconstruction of Iran's neglected indigenous medical knowledge and Critical analysis of how medical "Otherness" was constructed in 17th-century cross-cultural encounters.